Hammer throwers use the same size throwing circle as shot putters, with an inside diameter of 2.135 meters. The hammer is really a three-part device consisting of a metal head expressively concerned to a strengthen wire with a rigid handle that the thrower grips. The women’s hammer weighs four kilograms while the men’s hammer weighs 7.26 kilos. Each challenger usually takes six throws during the hammers event. The longest single throw wins.

Men’s world record:
Yuriy Sedykh and fellow Russian Sergey Litvinov were mostly answerable for taking the hammer-throwing record on a roller coaster ride from 1980 to 1986, when the record distorted hands frequently, even during the same meet.

On May 16, 1980, Sedykh set his first hammer record with a toss measure 80.38 meters. His mark was broken down later in the meet by Juri Tamm (80.46), but domestic that same day by Sedykh (80.64). Litvinov got into the act eight days later with a throw of 81.66. Sedykh retort on July 31 with an 81.80-meter throw.

Litvinov shattered the mark on June 4, 1982 (83.98) then betters it on June 21, 1983 (84.14). Sedykh had the last word in the duel however; obliterate Litvinov’s record with a throw measuring 86.34 on July 3, 1984. Sedykh enhanced the record twice, to 86.66 and, finally, to 86.74 on Aug. 30, 1986.

Women’s world record:
Betty Heidler broke Anita Wlodarczyk’s previous mark with a third-round throw measure 79.42 meters (260 feet, 6 inches) during a meet in Heidler’s native Germany on May 21, 2011.The record, which came on Lysenko’s first throw of the opposition, noticeable the fourth time she’d documented a new standard.

She set her first verification with a throw of 77.06 meters on July 15, 2005. Fellow Russian Gulfiya Khanafeyeva set a new mark of 77.26 on June 12, 2006, but Lysenko take action with a throw of 77.41 just 12 days later. Lysenko betters her record to 77.80 on Aug. 15, 2006.

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Technique:
In sprint hurdling the first hurdle is only some seven or eight strides away so the athlete must come position at the 3rd or 4th stride, much earlier than the sprinter. To enable this to occur the block spacings will have to be a little altered. When using an eight step approach the take-off foot is positioned in the front block.

Hurdle Clearance
The athletic must attack the hurdle and aim to clear it, by approx. 17 to 18 cm, as quickly and professionally as possible, raising their centre of gravity only a little more than in a usual sprint action.

Leg Action
The last stride of the method to the first hurdle is edited in order to allow the take-off leg to move fast under the hips. This ensures that a fast effective drive can be made across the hurdle. The take off distance is 1.98 metres to 2.29 metres (6½ to 7½ feet) from the hurdle. The body’s centre of significance is ahead of the foot on take off.

Action of the leading leg:

• The knee must be picked up fast
• The knee is driven at the hurdle
• The lower part of the leg is left low and extends once the knee reaches the height of the barrier
• The knee must be picked up in line with the upright centre line of the body.
• There should be no inclination for the knee to be pulled across the body or for the lower leg to go out and round.
• The foot of the lead leg reaches its highest point some 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 8 inches) in front of the hurdle rail.
• As the heel of the lead leg passes the barrier it must be pulled down and back to land under the body.
• There is no need for the lead leg to be directly over the top of the hurdle.
• The leg straightens as it descends towards the ground.
• The foot of the lead leg grounds at 114 to 137 centimeters (3¾ to 4½ feet) beyond the hurdle.

Action of the trailing leg:

• The trailing leg drives the body at the hurdle as the lead leg rises.
• The recovery of the trail leg must begin from well behind the body if the drive is to be finished.
• The athlete should feel the trailing knee sweeping wide and flat over the hurdle.
• As the leg crosses the hurdle, the foot must be cocked at the ankle so that the foot does not hit the barrier.
• After crossing the barrier, the knee continues to rise and comes round in front of the body.

Arm Action
As in sprinting, the arms act to balance the body and counter the rotations shaped by the legs. The arm opposite to the lead leg essentially leads the action into the hurdle and pushes/dives forwards as the lead leg rises. The other arm should be taken back in a usual sprinting action. As the trail leg comes round the leading arm swings back and wide to counter the rotation of the trail leg.

Running Between Hurdles
Three strides are used to cover the ground between the hurdles. To achieve this, the athlete has to modify his sprinting technique to make it fit the gap. A fast leg rhythm and a shorter stride length are needed. The athlete may have to use a lower knee lift than in normal sprinting with an emphasis on leg speed. The correct range of progress and speed can be achieved by training over hurdles that are a little closer together than normal.

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Track and field events are divided into three large categories:

1.Track events

2.Field events

3.Combined events

The majority of athletes tend to specialise in just one event with the aim of perfecting their performance, although the aim of combined events athletes is to become capable in a number of disciplines. Track events involve running on a track over particular distances and—in the case of the hurdling and steeplechase events—obstacles may be placed on the track. There are also relay races in which teams of athletes run and pass on a baton to their team associate at the end of a certain distance.

Field event:

A contest that takes place on a field rather than on a running track

There are two types of field events: jumps, and throws. In jumping competitions, sportsperson are judged on either the length or height of their jumps. The performances of jumping events for distance are calculated from a board or marker, and any athlete overstepping this mark is judged to have fouled. In the jumps for height, an athlete must clear his or her body over a crossbar without knocking the bar off the supporting standards. The best part of jumping events is unaided, although athletes push themselves vertically with purpose-built sticks in the pole vault.

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